Social and Political Foundations of Constitutionalism in the Middle East: The First Constitutional Movements in Tunisia, Ottoman Turkey, Egypt, and Iran

Although constitutionalism movements have their roots in the efforts to limit power of European monarchies beginning with Magna Carta, modern sense is product global political and social conditions created by French Revolution 1789. In 19th century, when empires struggled for Europe economic crises shook world, appeared as a solution these crises. this context, addition constitutional revolutions such Japan, Russia, Mexico, China, “Eastern” Muslim societies Middle East North Africa (MENA) also movements. they could not satisfy expectations result domestic regional circumstances, first Tunisia (1861), Ottoman Turkey (1876), Egypt (1881), Iran (1905) provided road maps nation-states following years. This study examines order understand social, political, dynamics organizational mechanisms, well impact on today’s Eastern politics.